The present study aimed to determine the sequence of mitochondrial DNA genes encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1, 5 and 6, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and ATP synthase subunit 6 in the Iranian single and doublehumped camels. In this study, 10 Dromedary blood samples from Mashad slaughter house, and 15 blood Bacterian camel's Meshkinshahr Breeding Center samples from were collected. After DNA extraction, the regions of mtDNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced by chain termination method. Results showed that, the energy-related mitochondrial genes showed amino acid substitutions according to their roles in energy metabolism in both camels. ATP6 acquired the greatest changes because it controls the majority of energy production, and the COX1 acquired the lowest changes. The phylogenetic test results showed that Iranian camels have the lowest genetic distance with Arabian camels. Furthermore, it can be concluded that using either individual genes or a set of genes to draw a phylogenetic tree will lead to the same result. Therefore, to perform phylogenetic studies, we can propose that using only one of these genes can generate a tree, which represents a group of genes.

Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as linear band structure near the Fermi level, high electrical and thermal conductivity, they have opened up a wide vision in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices, energy storage and information transmission. One of the theses materials that has recently received attention is a two-dimensional monolayer of boron atoms called borophene which has various allotropes such as α, β12, χ3, 2-pmmn and 8-pmmn. This 2D material has tilted and anisotropic Dirac cone and in addition to excellent transparency, it has excellent electron and ion conductivity. These properties along with other properties of borophene have caused diverse and potential applications of this material in gas sensors, metal ion batteries and electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we intend to review the properties of borophene and investigate the effect of factors such as impurity, light radiation, strain, dimension reduction in the form of nanoribbon, temperature, electric and magnetic fields on the properties of electron transport in this material.

Quinones are a group of lipids linked to membrane and play as a electron carrier in electron transport chain of all creatures. The main classes of these compounds are ubiquinones, menaquinones and plastoquinones. Menaquinones exist in bacteria and archaea. Based on membrane lipid analysis and polymerase chain reaction, quinones introduce a special taxonomy profile in microbial biomass of environmental samples. The purpose of this study was the role of quinones as biomarker in evolution of archaea. Nowadays, oxidative reductive conditions considered as important factors in occur of quinones in microorganisms. In addition, function of quinones in electron transport chain associated to compatibility of membrane with environmental stresses. Therefore, quinones could be considered as biomarker lipids to investigate microbial interactions. In this regard, menaquinone synthesis existed in archaea and bacteria ancestors. This idea supported by low reductive potential of menaquione in archaeal ancestor. Therefore, variety of quinones in Archaea spp. Lead us to obtain more information concerning to evolution of Archaea. It means variety characters of quinones in Archaea spp. associated with their strategy for compatible and survival. Therefore, different structures of quinones in Archaea could give us valuable information concerning to archaeal taxonomy.

Fire blight is important disease of pome fruit trees. The role of mitochondrial electron transport chain in interaction of host-pathogen has been verified. The purpose of this research was to study the role of chloroplast electron transport chain in this interaction and to determine the eventual site of pathogen effecter protein (s) influence. For this, effects of several chloroplasts electron transport chain inhibitors including Methylviologen, Glutaraldehyde and Diuron, with various sites of inhibition was evaluated on symptoms progress. All tests were performed and compared on in vitro shootlets of apples, MM-111 (tolerant) and MM-106 (susceptible) and pears, Harrow Sweet (tolerant) and Spadona (susceptible). For distinctness of necrosis causes by inhibitory effects inhibitors from those from pathogen, in a series of primary experiments, the effects of inhibitors concentrations were evaluated on shootlets in absence of pathogen and provided at least 168 h without necrosis of inhibitors. Subsequently, effects of inhibitors were evaluated on necrosis of pathogen after shootlets inoculation. The results showed that chloroplasts electron transport chain inhibitors retarded symptom progress in all tested cultivars. The results confirm previous results observed by uracil inhibition of chloroplasts and represent more evidence for role of this chain in host/E. amylovora interaction. In addition, according to impeding site of inhibitors, NADP reduction complex is the most probable site of effecter proteins interaction in host chloroplasts.